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Article History

Received: 19 December 2025

Accepted: 15 January 2026

First Online: 7 February 2026

Declarations

:

: JA has received consulting fees from the Pfizer North America Lyme Disease Vaccine Advisory Board and the Tarsus Pharmaceuticals Inc. Lyme Disease Advisory Board. JA serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Stephen and Alexandra Cohen Foundation. JA has been issued the following patent: “Elevated CCL19 after completion of therapy for acute Lyme disease identifies patients at risk for development of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome who will benefit from further antibiotic therapy. Patent approved US patent application (16/058316) and has the following patent pending:” Gene-Expression-Based Identification of Early Lyme Disease.”

: The Institutional Review Board of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine approved the studies from which these data were drawn (NA_00011170, NA_00071455, IRB00272446), and no study activities were performed prior to obtaining written, informed consent.

: Not applicable.