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Article History

Received: 5 February 2025

Revised: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 26 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using the Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative (LIDC-IDRI) dataset, which is a publicly available and de-identified dataset. As such, this research did not require ethics approval, as it does not involve direct interaction with human subjects or access to identifiable private information. The dataset was collected and shared in compliance with ethical standards and institutional review board (IRB) guidelines at the time of its release.

: This study utilized the publicly available LIDC-IDRI dataset, which consists of de-identified medical imaging data. As the dataset does not contain personally identifiable information and does not involve direct interaction with human participants, obtaining informed consent for participation was not required.

: The LIDC-IDRI dataset is publicly accessible and was shared in compliance with ethical and institutional guidelines at the time of its release. Since all data have been de-identified, no additional consent for publication is required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.