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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Revised: 19 August 2025

Accepted: 22 August 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society (protocol number: 15000133–20001). All procedures conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Japanese Guidelines for Life Science and Medical Research.

: The review committee determined that patient consent was not required because the study used retrospectively collected de-identified slit-lamp microscopy images.

: TY: Grants (Novartis Pharma); honoraria for lectures (Alcon Japan, HOYA, Novartis Pharma, AMO Japan, Santen Pharmaceutical, Senju Pharmaceutical, Johnson & Johnson); MM: Grants (Novartis Pharmaceutical); honoraria for lectures (Bayer Yakuhin, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Alcon Japan, HOYA, Novartis Pharmaceutical, AMO Japan, Santen Pharmaceutical, Senju Pharmaceutical, Johnson & Johnson K.K., Japan Ophthalmic Instruments Association). MA: Grants (Novartis Pharmaceutical, Santen Pharmaceutical), honoraria for lectures (Novartis, Takeda, Senju, Chugai, Kowa), support for attending meetings and travel (Wakamoto Pharmaceutical, Novartis Pharmaceutical), and endowments (NIDEK). TI: non-financial support (Lion and Sony Network Communications), grants (Yuimedi Inc., ROHTO Pharmaceutical, Kobayashi Pharmaceutical, Kandenko., and Fukoku), and personal fees (Santen Pharmaceutical, InnoJin Inc., and Ono Pharmaceutical), outside the submitted work.