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Authors
Buzdugan, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3792-5592
Mazher, Moona https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-5776
Puig, Domenec https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0562-4205
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
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Article History
Received: 2 May 2025
Revised: 31 August 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved secondary analysis of existing, publicly available, and anonymized patient datasets (UPENN-GBM and UCSF-PDGM). The original data collection protocols for these datasets received approval from their respective Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or Ethics Committees. As this study used only previously collected, de-identified data from public sources, separate ethics approval for this specific analysis was not required.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the original studies from which the UPENN-GBM and UCSF-PDGM datasets were derived. Consent for this secondary analysis of anonymized data was not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
