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Authors
Zhang, Ziheng
Yang, Yishan
Yang, Minghan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6501-7132
Guo, Hu
Yang, Jiazhao
Shen, Xianyue
Wang, Jianye
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Joint Fund for Medical Artificial Intelligence (MAI2023C009)
Zhongke Bengbu Technology Transfer Special Project (E3AD0J13701)
Research Funds of Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM (2023IHM02009)
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Revised: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study did not involve human or animal subjects, and thus, no ethical approval was required. The study protocol adhered to the guidelines established by the journal.
: This study did not involve human or animal subjects as it utilized exclusively publicly available datasets and complied with the journal’s editorial policies regarding noninterventional research.
: This study exclusively utilized de-identified data from publicly accessible repositories; formal consent for publication was waived as the data contained no personally identifiable information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
