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Authors
Takahashi, Kengo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0656-0773
Zeng, Yuwen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3615-7766
Zhang, Zhang
Ichiji, Kei
Usuzaki, Takuma
Inamori, Ryusei
Liu, Haoyang
Homma, Noriyasu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Advanced Graduate Program for Future Medicine and Health Care
The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (25KJ0573)
The Yamada Mitsuru Scholarship Foundation
The Morinokuni Scholarship Foundation
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Article History
Received: 7 August 2025
Revised: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: The retrospective data collections analyzed in our study were already approved by the institutional review board in the SunYat-sen University Cancer Center and Nanhai Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University. In addition, Institutional Review Board approval was not required in this study because the open-source datasets were approved by the Institutional Review Board of TCIA hosting institution. Imaging and the clinical data have been de-identified by TCIA.
: This manuscript has not been published or presented elsewhere in part or in entirety and is not under consideration by another journal. We have read and understood your journal’s policies, and we believe that neither the manuscript nor the study violates any of these.
: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
