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Authors
Huang, Puzhen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1541-9897
Zhong, Jingyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9817-2294
Xing, Yue
Hu, Yangfan
Ge, Xiang
Xiao, Zhengguang
Wang, Lingyun
Dai, Dinggen
Fan, Xiaochen
Wei, Jingqi
Feng, Jianxing
Zhang, Huan
Yao, Weiwu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-8520
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82471935)
Laboratory Open Fund of Key Technology and Materials in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (2024JZWC-ZDA04)
Laboratory Open Fund of Key Technology and Materials in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (2024JZWC-YBA07)
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Revised: 31 December 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Tongren Hospital (November 21, 2023/No. K2023-053–01).
: Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board, because it was given the use of retrospective CT examinations.
: Not applicable.
: Dr. J. Zhong acknowledges his position as a member of the Scientific Editorial Board of European Radiology, Insights into Imaging, American Journal of Roentgenology, and BMC Medical Imaging. He has therefore not taken part in the review or selection process of this paper. The authors (D. Dai, X. Fan, J. Wei, J. Feng) of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Shanghai Haohua Technology Co., Ltd. They were tasked with developing AI models and conducting statistical analyses. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.
