Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Revised: 8 February 2026

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is HIPAA-compliant and approved by the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board with a waiver of individual informed consent.

: Dr. Alejandrez is a current active-duty military diagnostic radiology resident affiliated with SAUSHEC. However, please note that SAUSHEC and the military/government had no role in this study. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Defense Health Agency, the Department of Defense, or any agencies under the US Government. Dr. Smith-Bindman is a co-founder of Alara Imaging, Inc., a new company focused on improving the clinical and operational aspects of health systems, including collecting and reporting CT radiation dose and image quality as part of payer-led quality programs. Alara Imaging had no role in the study, and Dr. Smith-Bindman has not received funding from Alara Imaging. Dr. Mongan has the following disclosures to report—unpaid advisor: Microsoft (Nuance), royalties: GE, spouse employment: Annexon Biosciences; Bristol Myers Squibb, spouse shareholder: Annexon Biosciences; Bristol Myers Squibb, expert witness: Gibson Dunn; Covington.