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Authors
Zhang, Ran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-8871
Grist, Thomas M.
Schiebler, Mark
Wu, Yijing
Sandbo, Nathan
Brasier, Allan R.
Chen, Guang-Hong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL153594)
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB032474)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (1UL1TR002373)
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2026
Revised: 20 July 2026
Accepted: 27 July 2026
First Online: 5 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics Approval: This retrospective study was determined exempt by the University of Wisconsin–Madison Minimal Risk Research Institutional Review Board (ID 2023–0813, approved June 27, 2023).
Consent to Participate: The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified radiology report text only.
Consent for Publication: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in identifiable form.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Manuscript Preparation Process: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT in order to assist with proofreading and grammar checking. After using this tool, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the published article.
