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Article History

Received: 28 October 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Declarations

:

: HK: Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Autonomic Research , published by Springer Nature, and serves as PI of studies sponsored by Biogen Inc. (TRACK MSA, S19-01846) and Vaxxinity Inc. (UB-312, S22-01332). He has received consultant fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Ono Pharma UK Ltd, Theravance Biopharma US Inc., Sanofi, Lundbeck, AskBio, and Parexel. He receives royalties from UpToDate. He receives research support from NIH-NINDS, the Food and Drug Administration, the Familial Dysautonomia Foundation, and the HSAN IV Foundation. JAP: Research support from NIH-NINDS. Royalties from UpToDate. Salary from Eli Lilly. PMV: has received research funding from Theravance Biopharma. Site PI of clinical trial funded by Theravance Biopharma. MK: Nothing to disclose. GN: Nothing to disclose. UJK: Research support from NIH-NINDS. TM: Nothing to disclose. RAB: Nothing to disclose. DC: Nothing to disclose PV: Nothing to disclose. PT: Nothing to disclose. AS: Consultancies for SPARC Therapeutics, Capsida Therapeutics and Parkinson Study Group; honoraria from Bial; grants from The Michael J. Fox Foundation (member of PPMI Steering Committee); and participation on board at Wave Life Sciences, Inhibikase, Prevail, Huntington Study Group and Massachusetts General Hospital CS: Founder, Chief Scientific Officer and Member of the Board of Directors of Amprion Inc. AF: chair of the Huntington Study Group from 2018 to 2022. He is on the data and safety monitoring board for Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study/Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute and chairs a data and safety monitoring board for PTC Therapeutics. He has received institutional grant support to New York University, as a co-principal investigator of the LEGATO-HD study. He has also received grants to his institution, New York University, from Prilenia Therapeutics and the Huntington Study Group, and consulting fees from AskBio and Annexon. GTS: Consultancy fees from Contera Pharma, Eli Lilly, Neurocrine Biosciences, Pfizer, Vima Therapeutics. JL: Nothing to disclose. IQ: Employee of Biohaven Pharmaceuticals. AKB: Employee of Lundbeck. MH: Employee of Teva. WP: Consultancy fees from Alterity, AbbVie, Affiris, AstraZeneca, BIAL, Biogen, Britannia, Lilly, Lundbeck, Neuroderm, Neurocrine, Denali Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Orion Pharma, Roche, Takeda, Teva, UCB, and Zambon. Royalties from Thieme, Wiley Blackwell, Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press and a research grant support from The Michael J. Fox Foundation and EU FP7 and Horizon 2020. AF: Nothing to disclose. FK: Nothing to disclose. IB: Consultant for Theravance Biopharma, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, and Neurawell Therapeutics. He is also a patent holder for an automated abdominal binder for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension and has submitted a patent application for the use of guanfacine in autonomic syndromes. WS: Nothing to disclose.