Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 February 2026

Revised: 10 June 2026

Accepted: 23 June 2026

First Online: 15 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: For the duration of the described study, V. Selvarajah and K. Connolly were employed by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. V. Selvarajah and K. Connolly are currently employed by Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom. FAG has research support from GE HealthCare, NVision, and AstraZeneca. The authors have no other relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethical approval: All imaging of human participants was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments and comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical review committee (REC reference number 08-H0311-117).

Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual subjects prior to their participation in the study.

Supporting information: Details of T 1 and T 2 * relaxation bias correction estimates (Fig. ). Evaluation of B 1 inhomogeneity correction efficacy and validity in phantom experiments (Fig. S2). Subject-specific tissue sodium concentration estimates and signal-to-noise ratio measurements (Table ). Uncertainty propagation in the estimation of skin aTSC (Table S2). Evaluation of spatial noise profile (Fig. S3). Methodology for quantifying SNR differences between surface coils and volume resonator coils (Fig. S4). Evaluation of receive coil safety (Table S3, Fig. S5). Assessment of skin sodium estimation with respect to skin-surface coil separation (Fig. S6).