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Authors
Kochvar, Katja H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8342-1307
Wilson, Amy C. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1625-7027
Foote, Rebecca K. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1570-0468
Collins, Sydney M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0059-6900
Ibañez, Juan Pablo https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9085-813X
Le Taro, Fiona C. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5939-7951
Morel, Antoine https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0216-7365
Belenguer, Raul Zabala https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2291-1281
Bitton, Pierre-Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-2331
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2019-04984, DGECR-2019-35 00029)
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2025
Revised: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they do not have any competing interests.
: The procedures conducted in this study were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Memorial University of Newfoundland (AUP 19-02-DW and associated amendments). Federal permission to conduct research was approved by a Migratory Bird Research permit (SC4061) and the Canadian Bird Banding Office (Permit holder: 10926), and provincial permission to access Witless Bay Ecological Reserve and sample birds was obtained from the government of Newfoundland and Labrador (WBER 2018–21).
