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Authors
Cruz, João T. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4837-4662
de Carvalho, Luís Madeira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7548-667X
Quaresma, Mário. A. G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-3935
Pericão, Ana
Reisinho, Ana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7350-220X
Marzal, Alfonso https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5872-1060
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/00276/2020)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (LA/P/0059/2020)
Operational Program of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (LA4 (R + D + I program in the Biodiversity Area financed with the funds of the FEDER Extremadura 2021–2027)
Universidade de Lisboa
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2025
Revised: 9 March 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 3 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: No ethical approval was required for this study. The birds were captured and euthanised exclusively as part of the Lisbon City Council’s pigeon population control programme. Sampling was carried out solely at the time of euthanasia, ensuring that no additional handling, interventions, or welfare implications occurred beyond those inherent to the control measures implemented by the authorities.
