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Authors
Boughdiri, Hela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-1619
McDonald, Grant C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2864-9608
Székely, Tamás https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-0056
Kosztolányi, András https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-5871
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tempus Közalapítvány (SHE-090534-004/2022)
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal (ÉLVONAL KKP 126949)
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal (FK134741)
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal (NN 125642)
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal (ANN 143995)
University of Debrecen
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Revised: 28 July 2026
Accepted: 8 September 2026
First Online: 21 September 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: The experiment was approved by the General Directorate of Forests, Tunisia (Research Permit No. 1191, issued on 28 March 2022). Captive birds were monitored daily and maintained under standard conditions with full consideration of animal welfare (see details in the supplementary material). Importantly, Kentish Plover has a large global population and is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International ). Kentish Plover is also a resident and widely distributed along the Tunisian coastline (BirdLife International ). Nest predation is the main cause of nest failure in this species and occurs at high rates (Macdonald and Bolton ; AlRashidi et al ; Ferreira-Rodríguez and Pombal ). Eggs of the experimental birds were carefully translocated to foster nests at similar incubation stages to minimise asynchrony in hatching and enhance their survival throughout incubation and subsequent hatching success.
