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Article History

Received: 8 November 2017

Accepted: 11 February 2018

First Online: 20 February 2018

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.Note that an earlier version of this manuscript is part of a doctoral thesis by the first author. The thesis is accessible via the following link: .

: All procedures performed in our study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee—Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Institute of Psychology at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität—and with the 1964 Declaration Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Prior to the study, the IRB had informed us that in accordance with the department’s ethics guidelines no explicit ethics vote of the IRB was necessary for our study, because we tested only healthy adult volunteers, only harmless visual stimuli were presented, the experiment did not cause physical or psychological stress, no physiological parameters were measured, no sensitive data like personality or clinical scales were collected, and no misleading or wrong information was given to the participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.