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Article History

Received: 19 August 2023

Accepted: 19 April 2024

First Online: 7 May 2024

Declarations

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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments after approval of the local ethics committees of the sites participating to the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). PPMI is a multicentric longitudinal study. Detailed information is available at . The relevant local institutional review boards approved the PPMI protocol and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion. The approval for the use of the data in the current study was given by the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative. No additional ethics approval was required from the local ethics committee where data was analysed.