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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Foundation of China (20BTY107)
Major Program of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Jiangsu Province (2024SJZD137)
Social Sciences in Jiangsu Province (24JYB003)
the Suzhou Science and Technology Development Plan (SKY2022113)
MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (22YJCZH243)
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Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 20 December 2025
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: The author(s) declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Academic Committee of the Department of Psychology, Soochow University.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.
: The data and materials have been made publicly available via Open Science Framework and can be accessed ( ), and none of the experiments were preregistered.
