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Authors
Del Río, Lucía https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6498-8069
Zearra, Jon Ander
Tobajas, Jorge https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-8265
Ferreras, Pablo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-6706
Mateo, Rafael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-9152
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Revised: 12 January 2026
Accepted: 26 January 2026
First Online: 28 February 2026
Declarations
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: The field experiments followed the current guidelines for the ethical use of animals in research, they were approved by the Animal Experiment Committee of Castilla-La Mancha University (reference PR-2024-18) and authorized by the Government of Castilla-La Mancha, where the field tests were performed. For this study, capsaicin has been used well below its LD50 as described for rats (Saito and Yamamoto ). The vanillin toxicity is very low, the LD50 is between 300 and 2000 mg/kg in rats and 3925 mg/kg in mice (National Technical Information Service., OTS0536271). For vanillin no other negative effects have been described.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
