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Authors
Cavazza, Silvia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3022-5043
Brogi, Rudy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2326-600X
Zanni, Michele https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-6033
Buelli, Celeste https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9250-6363
Berzi, Duccio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8438-7841
Luccarini, Siriano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5075-5095
Costanzi, Liliana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0595-1676
Tirapelle, Cristian https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3618-151X
Cappai, Nadia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-7732
Bongi, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6069-4265
Del Frate, Marco https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9519-364X
Vettorazzo, Enrico https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9463-3496
Apollonio, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8953-9138
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi di Sassari
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Revised: 4 March 2026
Accepted: 10 July 2026
First Online: 21 July 2026
Declarations
Ethical statement: This study complies with guidelines of ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments), Guidance on the operation of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, and EU Directive 2010/63 for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The capture and handling of wolves for scientific research were approved by the relevant Italian authority, Ministero della Transizione Ecologica, with protocol n. 0070095 del 06.06.2022 for the FCNP study area, with protocol n. 0014897 del 05.07.2018, protocol n. 0123622 del 06.10.2022, and protocol n. 0070097 del 06.06.2022 for the pre-Alps and Alps study areas, with protocol n. 0173939 del 30.10.2023 for the PEC study area, and with protocol n. 0068145 del 31.05.2022 for the SRE study area.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
