Funding for this research was provided by:
Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SKLGGES-024016)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42277176)
Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents Project (2024AFA041)
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (525YXQN597)
Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.