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Authors
Li, Renxi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-6278
Heutlinger, Olivia
Tanenbaum, Mira T.
Mortman, Keith D.
Ely, Sora
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Article History
Received: 4 May 2025
Accepted: 22 July 2025
First Online: 28 August 2025
Declarations
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: R. Li, O. Heutlinger, M.T. Tanenbaum, K.D. Mortman, and S. Ely declare that they have no competing interests.
: This study was exempt from IRB review as it analyzed retrospective, deidentified ACS-NSQIP data.
