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Article History

Received: 9 February 2026

Accepted: 11 June 2026

First Online: 31 July 2026

Declarations

Conflicts of interest: N. Hashiya, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, AMO, Kowa, Bayer); I. Maruko, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Bayer, Novartis, Alcon, Santen, Senju, Topcon, Chugai, Canon, Nidek, Nikon, Kowa, AMO, HOYA), Patents planned, issued or pending (Jpn-patent (#7288276)); K. Tanaka, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, Santen, Kowa, Bayer, Japan Eye Drop Institute, Sumitomo); J. Honjo, Grants or contracts (Alcon), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Chugai, Senju); Y. Miyara, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju); Y. Watanabe, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Chugai); R. Maruko, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Chugai, Kyowa Kirin); A. Nakai, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Chugai, Novartis); Y. Wakatsuki, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Chugai, Novartis, JFC Sales Plan); K. Itagaki, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, Santen, Bayer); M. Maehira, None; N. Terao, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, Santen, Kowa, Bayer, Topcon, HOYA, Canon); K. Kataoka, Grants or contracts (Chugai), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai/Roche, Santen, ZEISS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Otsuka, Canon); A. A. Okada, Grants or contracts (Santen, Bayer, Pfizer, Alcon), Consulting fees (4D Molecular Therapeutics, Apellis, Allergan, Astellas, Bayer, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Kowa, Ocular Therapeutix), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, Santen, Kowa, Bayer, Tanabe, Otsuka); H. Koizumi, Grants or contracts (Bayer, Otsuka, Santen, First Medical, Senju, Alcon, HOYA, AMO, Chugai/Roche, Kowa, TOMEY, Canon), Consulting fees (Bayer, Otsuka, Chugai/Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Astellas), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Bayer, Novartis, Alcon, Santen, Senju, Kowa, Chugai/Roche, Canon, HOYA, Otsuka, AMO, Sanofi, Inami, Amgen, Astellas, Sumitomo Dainippon); R. Mukai, Grants or contracts (Senju, Santen, HOYA), Consulting fees (Bayer, Astellas), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, Santen, HOYA, Bayer, Kowa, AbbVie, AMO, NIDEK, Amgen); T. Sekiryu, Grants or contracts (Senju, Santen, HOYA, Wakamoto, Alcon, AMO, Kowa), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, Santen, Alcon, Bayer, Kowa, Nitto Medic, Otsuka); R. Mori, Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Senju, Novartis, Chugai, Santen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Kyowa Kirin); T. Iida, Grants or contracts (Otsuka, Pfizer, Santen, Novartis, Senju, Alcon, HOYA, AMO), Consulting fees (Bayer, Novartis, Chugai, Boehringer Ingelheim), Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (Bayer, Novartis, Alcon, Santen, Senju, Topcon, Chugai, Canon, Nidek, Otsuka, Nikon).