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Authors
Kobayashi, Shinichiro
Endo, Hideki
Yamamoto, Hiroyuki
Kanetaka, Kengo
Kakeji, Yoshihiro
Kimura, Yasue
Saeki, Hiroshi
Watanabe, Masayuki
Hasegawa, Hiroshi
Naitoh, Takeshi
Doki, Yuichiro
Kitagawa, Yuko
Takeuchi, Hiroya
Shirabe, Ken
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24K11935)
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: Hideki Endo and Hiroyuki Yamamoto are affiliated with the Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment of the University of Tokyo. The department is a social collaboration supported by grants from the National Clinical Database, Intuitive Surgical Sàrl, Johnson & Johnson K.K., and Nipro Co. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Yuko Kitagawa reports grant to their institution from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kowa Company, Ltd., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., and Terumo Corporation. Dr. Kitagawa also receives personal fees for lectures or presentations from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kowa Company, Ltd., Ethicon Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Olympus Corporation, Cardinal Health K.K., Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., MSD K.K., Aska Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Toray Industries, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Chugai Foundation for Innovative Drug Discovery Science, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Intuitive Surgical G.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Sysmex Corporation, Tsumura & Co., AI Medical Service Inc., and Eisai Co., Ltd. Additionally, Dr. Kitagawa has a non-financial interest as editor-in-chief of Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery (published by The Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery) and is involved in joint research laboratories for the development and education of innovative medical technology with Sysmex Corporation and Medicaroid Corporation. All reported relationships are outside the submitted work and within the past 36 months, as applicable per ICMJE guidelines.
