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Article History

Received: 17 December 2025

Accepted: 21 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Informed consent or substitute for it was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

: Takashi Ogata has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, and Ono Pharmaceutical. Takashi Kojima has received grants or contracts from Amgen, BeOne Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chungai Pharmaceutical, EPS Corporation, Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., Merck Sharp & Dohme K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical, Parexel International, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Bristol Myers Squibb, Coviden Japan Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical, Merck Sharp & Dohme K.K., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Oncolys Biopharma Inc.; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Astellas Pharma Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., Merck Sharp & Dohme K.K., and Oncolys BioPharma Inc. Ryu Ishihara has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AI Medical Service, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Fujifilm Medical, Miyarisian Pharmaceutical, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Olympus, and Ono Pharmaceutical; and has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Astellas Pharma Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., Merck Sharp & Dohme K.K., and Oncolys BioPharma Inc. Hiroki Hara declares that they have no conflicts of interest. Ken Kato has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, BeOne Medicines, Janssen, Merck Bio, Merck & Co., Ono Pharmaceutical, and Roche; has received payment for expert testimony from Bristol Myers Squibb and Ono Pharmaceutical; and has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Bristol Myers Squibb, Chungai, Merck & Co., and Ono Pharmaceutical. Sebastian Yan and Sheng Xu are employees of BeOne Medicines.

: Data were presented in part at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, San Francisco, CA, USA, January 23–25, 2025.