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Authors
Scalese, Marco
Cerrai, Sonia
Benedetti, Elisa
Colasante, Emanuela
Cotichini, Rodolfo
Molinaro, Sabrina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-0873
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
IFC - PISA
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Article History
Received: 29 April 2024
Accepted: 15 August 2024
First Online: 29 August 2024
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in all ESPAD countries respecting the relevant European and national ethics rules. Owing to the fact that 35 countries are involved, the study was approved or granted exemption by the appropriate institutional and/or national research ethics committee as required by the national laws of each country. A full description of the relevant ethical aspects by country is provided in Table B – Ethical aspects of the ESPAD 2019 Methodology Report currently under publication [ESPAD Group (), ESPAD 2019 methodology, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg].
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
