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Authors
Kemppainen, Laura M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9320-2442
Kemppainen, Teemu T.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Council of Finland (312310, 336669, 352973)
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 21 January 2025
Accepted: 2 May 2025
First Online: 21 May 2025
Declarations
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: Nothing to declare.
: This study uses data from the European Social Survey (ESS). The ESS adheres to strict ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent from participants and ensuring their anonymity. Details about the ESS ethical guidelines are available on their website ().
: The European Social Survey (ESS) collects data in accordance with ethical guidelines and obtains informed consent from all participants prior to data collection. As this study involves the secondary analysis of anonymised, publicly available ESS data, no additional consent was required from participants for this research.
: Not applicable.
