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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 9 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study materials were approved by the University of Sydney Human Ethics Research Committee (Protocol No. 2024/HE000403) and all methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the 2023 Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: NH, KM and MV have no conflict of interest or disclosures to report.TS has worked on projects funded by the University of Sydney from Sportsbet, West HQ, and the ICRG.SG has received direct and indirect funding since 2020 through the University of Sydney from Australian Leisure and Hospitality Group Pty Ltd, Entain Australia, Sportsbet, NSW Office of Responsible Gambling, West HQ, Brain and Mind Centre, Cambridge Health Alliance, Aristocrat Leisure Limited, and ICRG. SG has received consulting funds for providing subject matter expertise for New Zealand Crown Counsel, NSW Liquor & Gaming Authority, New Zealand Gaming Machine Association, Singapore Ministry of Health, Betcloud, NZ BlueCloud, UK Behavioural Insights Team, KPMG, QBE, Coms Systems Limited, Advance Gaming (NZ) Limited, GambleAware, Star Entertainment, GREO, Senet, and Norths Collective. SG has received honorarium and/or travel costs for presentations for Cyprus National Betting Authority, Asian Racing Federation, Leagues Club Australia, Australian Cricketers Association, Star Entertainment, CAMH, Behavioural Insights Team, National Council on Problem Gambling, GambleAware, GREO, Informa, and Washington State Council, European Lotteries Association. SG holds unpaid appointments as an invited member on the NSW Independent Panel on Gambling Reform, is the Pillar Champion for Technology and Environment for the QLD Responsible Gambling Advisory Committee, and is a board member for the Asian Racing Federation Council on Anti-Illegal Betting and Related Financial Crime. SG receives an honorarium for her role as Co-Editor-in-Chief for International Gambling Studies from Taylor & Francis.