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Article History

Received: 11 April 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 1 September 2025

Change Date: 11 September 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised to include co-authors Esther Sanchez‑Ledesma and Gemma Serral with affiliation 4 (CIBERESP).

Declarations

:

: The survey on which our study is based (FRESC survey) is part of the statistical actions of interest of the Government of Catalonia. Specifically, it is included in the Annual Statistical Action Program (PAAE) (adapted to Law 5/2016, of December 23, of the Statistical Plan of Catalonia 2017-2020 and amending Law 23/1998, of statistics of Catalonia) under the registration number: 09 01 03. The survey’s methodological manual details the measures to guarantee the confidentiality and ethical criteria of the survey, as well as the information letters sent to schools and families. For these reasons, this study, like all those derived from this survey, does not have explicit approval from an institutional ethics committee or informed consent.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.