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Authors
Neusser, Silke https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9077-7005
Niemann, Anja
Schrader, Nils
Blase, Nikola
Weitzel, Milena
Abels, Carina
Speckemeier, Christian
Neumann, Anja
Riederer, Cordula
Nadstawek, Joachim
Straßmeir, Wolfgang
Wasem, J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss (01VSF19059)
Universität Duisburg-Essen
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Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the ethical commission of the University of Essen (21–9964-BO Votum 29.03.2021) and received approval from the Federal Office for Social Security in November 2021.
: Not applicable. This manuscript is based on administrative claims data. Therefore, it was not possible to obtain informed consent, and permission was obtained from the Federal Office for Social Security in November 2021. The Op-US study was approved by the ethical commission of the University of Duisburg-Essen (21–9964-BO, 03/29/2021).
: Author Cordula Riederer is employed by the company DAK-Gesundheit. Authors Joachim Nadstawek (chairman) and Wolfgang Straßmeir are members of the Association of German Doctors and Psychotherapists practicing in Pain Medicine and Palliative Care (BVSD e.V.). The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
