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Authors
Campos, Lara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-7527
Cruz, Eduardo B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-1815
Nunes, Baltazar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6230-7209
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PRT/BD/154509/2022)
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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Article History
Received: 2 May 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study used anonymized secondary data obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS).As the data were publicly available and did not involve direct interaction with human participants, ethical approval was not required in accordance with national regulations and institutional guidelines. This study is a secondary analysis of the 2019 Portuguese National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The 2019 NHIS complies with Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008, ensuring that statistical confidentiality is maintained.
: The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests.
