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Article History

Received: 30 September 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 20 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards for research involving human participants. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained where required. For institutions where IRB review was not necessary, this was due to the anonymous nature of the survey and local policies exempting such studies from formal review and protocol assignment. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Palermo, Italy (Protocol No AGT009510), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (Protocol No. 80–2024-OSS-AUSLB), Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro (Protocol No. 194/13–06-2024), University of Insubria (Protocol No. 0128804/23112023), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli Vanvitelli (Protocol No. 0020787/i-2024), Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (Protocol No. 684/CE-2024), University of Trieste (Protocol No. 137_2024), and the University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Texas, USA (Protocol No. HSC-SPH-22–0858). At the University of Padua, Padova, the study was considered low-risk and anonymous; therefore, it is “exempt.”

: Owing to the anonymity of the online survey, obtaining informed consent was not necessary. Participants were, however, asked to accept or decline participation in the study in the introductory statement of the online survey.

: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that influenced the work reported in this paper.