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Article History

Received: 28 August 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Ulrike Hoffmann, Vera Clemens, and Anna Eberhardt. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Anna Eberhardt, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The linguistic composition of the manuscript was supported by LanguageTooler GmbH.

: The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available for reasons of data security but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: No custom code was used in this study.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to the ethical guidelines of the International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice of the International Chamber of Commerce and of the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research. Before the study was carried out, it was approved by an ethics committee. All participants were informed about the study and that they could withdraw their consent at any time. Written informed consent was obtained for participation and publication of the study data. For participants under the age of 18 years, an adult was also informed about their participation.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.