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Authors
Fioroni Ribeiro da Silva, Carolina
Rigó, Mariann
De Bock, Freia
Weyers, Simone
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (finance code 001)
Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf. Anstalt öffentlichen Rechts
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Article History
Received: 12 December 2025
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: Th study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty Dusseldorf (Study no. 2021–1637).
: Written informed consent was obtained from all parents or legal guardians prior to the School Entry Examination and study procedures, in accordance with approval by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Duesseldorf (Study No. 2021–1637). No identifiable patient data are presented; therefore, additional consent for publication was not required.
: Not applicable.
