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Authors
Sander, Lydia
Hoffmann, Stephanie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6887-2831
Rattay, Petra
Moor, Irene
Bammert, Philip
Pischke, Claudia
Dragano, Nico
Miani, Céline
Razum, Oliver
Schneider, Sven
Spallek, Jacob
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SP 1495/4-1)
Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus - Senftenberg
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Article History
Received: 1 April 2026
Accepted: 3 July 2026
First Online: 15 August 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval statement: Ethical approval for this study was not applicable according to German ethical guidelines, as the authors used already available, anonymized data. The Babi birth cohort study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of Muenster University and the Data Protection Board of Bielefeld University.
Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. The research team declares that there are no conflicts of interest associated with this study. As this study only included a secondary analysis of anonymized data, no ethical approval was required in accordance with German ethical guidelines.
