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Authors
Czerniak, Lauren L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4379-2004
Garcia, Gian-Gabriel P.
Genthe, Max W.
Xia, Yueyun
Lavieri, Mariel S.
McCrea, Michael A.
McAllister, Thomas W.
Pasquina, Paul F.
Liebel, Spencer W.
Broglio, Steven P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Collegiate Athletic Association
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1420151, W81XWH1820047)
Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, University of Michigan
National Science Foundation (DGE 1841052)
University of Michigan Summer Undergraduate Research in Engineering Program
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2025
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
:
: Lauren L. Czerniak, Gian-Gabriel P. Garcia, Max W. Genthe, Yueyun Xia, Mariel S. Lavieri, and Spencer W. Liebel have no competing interests directly relevant to the content of this study. Michael A. McCrea, Thomas W. McAllister, Paul F. Pasquina, and Steven P. Broglio received research support from the NCAA and the U.S. Department of Defense.
: This research study follows the standards of ethics stated in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: All individuals provided written informed consent which was approved by their local institutional review board and the US Army Human Research Protection Office.
: CARE Consortium Review Board as well as the US Army Human Research Protection Office.
