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Article History

Received: 29 April 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 1 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This research has been approved by the Xi’an Honghui Hospital. It was performed by the Declaration of Helsinki's ethical principles and international norms and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xi’an Honghui Hospital (2025-KY-132-01). The use of personal data was approved by the patient, with all data anonymized and securely stored to ensure confidentiality.

: In the orthogonal test, the 14th simulation was used as the control. The simulation result of each modeling parameter combination in the orthogonal table was compared with that of the 14th simulation. Then, the parameters DC A and DC S of these two simulated tissue deformations were calculated using the quantitative method mentioned in Section 2.3 (Table ). Based on the result of the orthogonal test, the range analysis method was carried on to study the impacts of modeling parameters on the simulated tissue deformation, as shown in Tables and . Specifically, the K value represented the sum of the parameter DC A or DC S in a certain level of a certain factor, and the average K value represents the mean value of the corresponding value. For example, the KA1 represents the level 1 of the parameter A. The Range value was equal to the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the average K value, which represented the impacts of modeling parameters on the parameters DC A or DC S . The larger the value is, the bigger the influence is.