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Authors
DeSantis, Paul M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1535-6125
Barnes, Emma
Tetteh, Abigail
Smith, James A.
Mike, Drew
Perine, Corey
Kurtz, Steven M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development (1060176-483735)
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Article History
Received: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or Carnegie Mellon University. Paul M. DeSantis, Emma Barnes, and Abigail Tetteh declare no conflicts of interest. James Smith and Steven M. Kurtz are members of Gyroid LLC, a scientific and technical consulting firm. Gyroid provides consulting services to medical device companies and receive fees for those services. Steven M. Kurtz also receives research support from the following companies or suppliers as a Principal Investigator: Celanese, Ceramtec, Invibio, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, Orthofix, 3Spine, Seqens, Enovis, Orthoplastics, SINTX Technologies, and Stryker. Drew Mike and Corey Perine are paid employees of Maxx Orthopedics, Inc., a medical device company, but results and findings presented in this study were obtained independently and without undue influence.
