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Authors
Routzong, Megan R.
Dubik, Justin
De Vita, Raffaella
Alperin, Marianna
Moalli, Pamela A.
Abramowitch, Steven D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (1747452)
National Science Foundation (2053851)
National Science Foundation (2053851)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (K99HD115224)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (HD007203)
National Science Foundation (2053851)
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Article History
Received: 7 August 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Declarations
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: M. Alperin receives an editorial stipend from Elsevier, Inc. All other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: Prior approval was obtained for this cadaver study from the Committee for Oversight of Research and Clinical Training Involving Decedents (CORID, Application #933) at the University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA). Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required and no clinical trials were involved (clinical trial number: not applicable). The Anatomy Gift Registry’s protocols are in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Pittsburgh and adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Donors are acquired in strict accordance with the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA) and the National Organ Transplantation Act (NOTA), and informed consent is obtained from donor’s legal next of kin or the donor themselves in all cases.
: Not applicable.
