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Authors
Rioux, Yannick https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8911-235X
Fradette, Julie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1851-5112
Hayward, Cindy Jean
Séguin, Viviane
Maciel, Yvan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1993-472X
Bégin-Drolet, André https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-5284
Ruel, Jean https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-4943
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRFE-2019-00332)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2022-03105)
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2026
Accepted: 16 July 2026
First Online: 28 July 2026
Declarations
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no financial conflicts of interest. Yannick Rioux, Julie Fradette, André Bégin-Drolet, and Jean Ruel are inventors on a United States Provisional Patent Application related to this work: “MOLD AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING A SUBSTITUTE HEART VALVE” (Application No. 63/798,744, filed May 2, 2025).
Ethical Approval: The use of human cells was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec-Université Laval (#20121546 and #DR-002-1117) and the procedures conducted adhere to the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed Consent: Participants in this study provided voluntary informed consent to participate in this research.
