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Article History

Received: 23 March 2026

Accepted: 22 August 2026

First Online: 2 September 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: TP is past president and board member of the AO Foundation, Switzerland, and extended board member of the German Society of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery (DGU), the German Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology (DGOU), and the German Society of Surgery (DGCH). TP is also the spokesman of the medical advisory board of the German Ministry of Defense. TP and Saarland University hold parts of the Biphasic Plate Patent (EP3331462B1). The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted without commercial or financial relationships that could be constructed as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval: The ethics committee of Saarland Medical Board has approved the present study using human cadaveric specimens (Aerztekammer des Saarlandes, Germany, application number 195/24). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The human samples used in this study were acquired from Samples obtained from body donations at Saarland University. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. The study was conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committees of the University of Tuebingen (Protocol codes 317/2022BO2).

Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.