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Authors
Makkan, Heeran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4737-7804
Mlotshwa, Mandla
Masibi, Petunia
Molefe, Thuso
Mthembu, Funeka
Maenetje, Pholo
Edward, Vinodh A.
Price, Matt A.
Chetty-Makkan, Candice
De Wit, John B. F.
Lalla-Edward, Samanta T.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (#AID-OAA-A-16-00032)
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Article History
Accepted: 13 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.
: The study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the University of the Witwatersrand, Human Research Ethics Committee (reference no. 170607), and the Research Committee of the Northwest Provincial Department of Health.
: All participants provided regulated voluntary written assent or consent to participate. Those under 18 years of age provided assent, and their caregivers provided consent. Participants were reimbursed ZAR150.00 (about $8.80 USD) each for study visits, in accordance with local regulatory guidance and approval.
