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Authors
Gebrekristos, Luwam T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-9382
Groves, Allison K.
Stoner, Marie C.D.
Ezeh, Alex
Lê-Scherban, Félice
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F31HD111353)
U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH001226 and U2GGH002173)
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Article History
Accepted: 25 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content discussed in this manuscript.
Ethical Approval: Ethics approvals for each PHIA survey were obtained from the institutional review boards of Columbia University Medical Center, Westat, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and respective in-country ethicsboards (SHIMS: Swaziland Scientific and Ethics Committee; KENPHIA: Kenya Medical Research Institute; LePHIA: Lesotho National Health Research and Ethics Committee; MPHIA: National Health Sciences Research Committee in Malawi; NAMPHIA: Ministry of Health and Social Services Research Committee; THIS: National Institute for Medical Research and Zanzibar Medical Research and Ethics Committee; UPHIA: Ugandan Virus Research Institute Ethics Committee and Uganda National Council for Science and Technology Ethics Committee; ZAMPHIA: Tropical Diseases Research Centre Ethical Committee; and ZIMPHIA: Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe and the Research Council of Zimbabwe).
Consent to Participate: This manuscript used secondary, de-identified data. In the original study, all study participants provided informed consent to participate.
Consent for Publication: Not applicable.
