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Authors
Abramovich, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4803-8724
Apedaile, Dorothy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4663-8459
MacEntee, Katie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9850-3209
Oudshoorn, Abe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0277-8724
Van Berkum, Amy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8306-8227
Saewyc, Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1625-9506
Ferrara, Adi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9759-7488
Kiptui, Reuben
Nyambura, Monica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-216X
Apondi, Edith https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7968-9394
Wachira, Juddy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-5788
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Canadian Institutes for Health Research (155343)
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Article History
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: Prior to data collection ethical approval was obtained from the following institutions in Kenya and Canada: Moi University (IREC #2018/107), University of Toronto (REB #00036063), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (REB #159/2018), and University of British Columbia (BREB# H22-01663).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
