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Authors
Maringwa, Galven https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9338-4847
Chabata, Sungai T.
Machingura, Fortunate
Maguma, Jaspar
Makamba, Memory
Chinozvina, Tariro
Chikura, Samson
Nyoni, Leslie
Mlambo, Madonna
Matsikire, Edward
Mpofu, Amon
Yekeye, Raymond
Madzima, Benard
Mugurungi, Owen
Rice, Brian
Weir, Sharon
Hargreaves, James R.
Fearon, Elizabeth
Cowan, Frances M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP119327)
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Article History
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Declarations
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: We declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval and consent to participate were obtained in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring that the study adhered to ethical standards for research involving human subjects. This study was approved by the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ/A/2867) and the Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ). All on-site participants provided informed consent by marking an 'X' on the consent form, while witnesses signed the forms.
