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Authors
Nightingale, Kira J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4346-8554
Nassau, Tanner https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-5382
Karaj, Antoneta https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0327-3228
Holmes, John H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-3602
Li, Yun
Momplaisir, Florence M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-0373
Brady, Kathleen A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-6299
Lowenthal, Elizabeth D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-8646
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Society of General Internal Medicine
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Article History
Accepted: 28 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial interests to declare.
: This study was approved by the City of Philadelphia's Institutional Review Board under a waiver of informed consent. The study was conducted in accordance with the standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: This study was conducted using public health surveillance data, under a waiver of informed consent.
: This study was conducted using public health surveillance data, under a waiver of informed consent.
