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Authors
German, Danielle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-5817
Nassau, Tanner
Yenokyan, Karine
Li, Xinyi
Bornstein, Sydney
Drezner, Kate
Hoj, Taylor
Gribbin, Molly
Flynn, Colin
Brady, Kathleen A.
Kuo, Irene
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU62PS924759)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (6NU62PS924769)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU62PS924777)
Maryland Department of Health
District of Columbia Department of Health
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Article History
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
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: DG serves on the Consulting Editorial Board of AIDS and Behavior. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose.
: For Washington, DC, the DC Department of Health IRB and the George Washington University IRB reviewed and approved NHBS protocols. For Philadelphia, the City of Philadelphia Department of Public Health IRB reviewed and approved NHBS protocols. For Baltimore, the NHBS protocol and all local materials were approved by Institutional Review Boards at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Maryland Department of Health.
: Eligible participants completed informed consent procedures prior to survey and optional HIV pre- and post-test counseling procedures. A waiver of written consent was granted by the CDC and IRBs due to the sensitive nature of the data collected. Therefore, only verbal consent was provided by participants which was documented by study staff.
