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Authors
Mikomangwa, Wigilya P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-878X
Metta, Emmy
Moen, Kåre
Mmbaga, Elia J.
Leshabari, Melkizedeck Thomas
Kibusi, Stephen Matthew
Mbotwa, Christopher H.
Sudfeld, Christopher R.
Bakari, Muhammad
Kamuhabwa, Appolinary A. R.
Kwesigabo, Gideon
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Oslo
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Article History
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no financial or non-financial competing interests.
: Participants consented freely without coercion using the Swahili language (Tanzania's National language). The refund of costs in connection with travel was given for transport fare only. Considering that sex work is a criminal act in Tanzania, protection of highly sensitive data, privacy, and confidentiality was employed to prevent divulging, which could result in legal action being taken. The project had ethical clearance from MUHAS (MUHAS-REC-10-2019-057) and the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/3454). The Norwegian Research Council funded the project and, hence, received ethical clearance in Norway by the Regional Ethical Committee (REC). The study was conducted according to the Helsinki Declaration. All the information obtained from this study was used for research purposes only and not shared with anyone without the participants’ consent.
: Not applicable.
