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Authors
AlSabah, Nasser https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5376-5560
AlAsfour, Abdulwahab https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5246-5318
Marr, Carey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0665-1811
Di Nota, Paula https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-6129
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Article History
Received: 5 April 2025
Accepted: 8 August 2025
First Online: 1 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study received full ethical approval from Kuwait’s Saad AlAbdulla Police Academy and Kuwait University’s Institutional Review Board (KU-ENG-14-11-23). All participating cadets provided written consent before participation.
