Article History
Accepted: 2 June 2025
First Online: 28 June 2025
Declarations
:
: Four publicly available datasets are used in this paper: METR-LA, PEMS-BAY, PEMS07, and PEMS08. The datasets can be downloaded from and .
: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.