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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42574052)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42374024)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42274029)
Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (No. X24019)
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Article History
Received: 2 June 2025
Accepted: 28 September 2025
First Online: 25 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: This study did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or personally identifiable/sensitive data. Therefore, formal ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this research. This study utilized publicly available non-sensitive data exclusively.
